As noted, all are on the European side. All but the port are south of the Golden Horn (which isn't that wide at the entrance and is crossed by a couple of bridges).

Depending on what you want to do on the Asian side, you can take a ferry (easy, cheap, but limited destinations), day tour (more expensive but more focused on what a tourist might want to see), or taxi (most expensive, but you call the shots). Eventually, you'll be able to take the subway as has been described on the National Geographic or Discovery channel (deep, long tunnel under the Bosporus).

Pretty much everything you read about WRT Istanbul is on the European side. Unless you have more than 2-3 days, you won't exhaust the places you ought to visit on the Eurpoean side.